What is information technology? Your guide to the IT industry

From cloud platforms that run our favourite apps to cybersecurity systems that safeguard our identities, information technology (IT) underpins everything. But what exactly is IT? And how do all its components work together to drive innovation and efficiency?

• What is information technology (IT)?
• Types of information technology
• Why is IT important?
• IT career opportunities
• Educational pathways in information technology

What is information technology (IT)?

At its core, information technology refers to the use of computer systems, software and networks for processing and distributing data. It allows organisations, governments and individuals to access, store, transmit and manipulate value-added information.

But IT isn’t just about computers. It has a wide range of functions including:

• Hardware: The physical devices (e.g. servers, laptops and mobile devices) used to store and run software
• Software: Programs and operating systems that tell hardware what to do
• Networking: Infrastructure that enables communication and data exchange across devices
• Databases: Systems for managing and storing large amounts of structured data
• Security: Protocols and tools that protect systems and data from cyber threats

These components allow you to access websites, stream video, send emails, analyse data and automate processes. Essentially, IT plays a part in almost every area of our modern lives.

Types of information technology

IT isn't just one “thing”, one career path or one industry. It's a collection of evolving specialisations that each play a unique role in our lives. You’ve probably heard of most of the important branches, but what do you know about them?

Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity is about protecting systems, networks and data from digital attacks. As cyber threats become more sophisticated, cybersecurity has grown into a critical field. Cybersecurity analysts monitor and defend against breaches of a company’s security in real time. You’d be responsible for a myriad of activities, such as testing the systems, responding to incidents and patching vulnerabilities.

Artificial intelligence (AI)

AI uses algorithms to let machines learn from data and generate outcomes. You’ve probably heard a lot recently about ChatGPT and other generative AI platforms, but it powers everything from voice assistants like Siri to complex predictive models in finance and healthcare.

AI engineers design machine-learning models that allow software to identify patterns and make recommendations such as personalised shopping suggestions. You’ll see this all the time if you’re logged in when you’re searching online.

Cloud computing

Cloud computing allows users to access servers, storage and applications over the internet instead of on local machines. It's scalable, cost-effective and accessible anywhere. Think of your iCloud or Dropbox, where you can store thousands of photos without slowing down your phone.

Data analytics

This field focuses on collecting, cleaning, analysing and interpreting data to support better decision-making. As a data analyst, you’d use a combination of statistical techniques, data mining, and predictive modelling to uncover patterns, trends and insights that would otherwise remain hidden.

Data analysts work across industries, from tracking customer behaviour in retail and optimising supply chains in logistics to improving patient outcomes in healthcare and detecting fraud in finance.

Other notable areas include:

• IT support and helpdesk: Front-line technical assistance for end-users
• Networking and infrastructure: Setting up and managing routers, firewalls and physical cabling
• DevOps: Blending software development and IT operations for faster deployment
• Blockchain: Securing and decentralising data through distributed ledgers such as your Bitcoin wallet

Why is IT important?

Modern society would grind to a halt without IT. We rely on it for its ability to streamline communication, automate operations and empower decision-making across every industry.

From smartphones and wearable tech to smart homes and digital banking, IT simplifies our everyday tasks and keeps us connected.

Businesses use IT to improve efficiency, cut costs and reach new markets with customer relationship management (CRM) tools, inventory systems and financial modelling software.

Almost any career you look at now will include a certain amount of IT knowledge and use, even if it’s just logging onto a computer and using a staff portal.

Of course, over the last few decades, IT has evolved from bulky mainframes and floppy disks to cloud-native environments, AI-driven platforms, and mobile-first experiences. The IT industry continues to change and evolve like 5G, quantum computing and augmented reality, which continue to push the boundaries of what’s possible.

The most in-demand IT careers today sit in the fields of cybersecurity, data analytics, cloud architecture and AI engineering – all driven by the rise of remote work, big data and automation.

Looking ahead, demand is expected to grow for professionals skilled in machine learning, blockchain development and quantum computing, as industries shift toward smarter, more secure and highly scalable digital ecosystems.

IT career opportunities

A career in IT offers flexibility, strong salaries and global demand. Here's a snapshot of popular roles, along with the core skills you would need to thrive in each:

Solutions Architect

Solution Architects design comprehensive technical solutions tailored to business needs, often bridging the gap between technical teams and stakeholders.

As a Solutions Architect, you would evaluate requirements, select appropriate technologies and oversee implementation across different departments. This role calls for systems thinking, project management, cloud platform knowledge and strong communication.

Learn more about becoming a Solutions Architect >

Software Developers

Software Developers build and maintain applications and systems using languages like Java, Python, and C++. You would work across front-end, back-end, or full-stack environments to create everything from mobile apps to enterprise software. You’ll need a specific suite of skills including programming, problem-solving, familiarity with development tools, and version control.

Data Analysts and Scientists

Data Analysts and Scientists extract insights from data to guide strategy and decisions. While analysts visualise trends and provide operational intelligence, Data Scientists focus on developing models and predictive analytics.

This is a great choice if you have a data-driven brain and an analytic approach to problems. Success in this field requires data wrangling, statistical modelling, storytelling with data, and fluency in tools like R, Python, SQL and Tableau.

Network Engineers

Network Engineers plan and manage the hardware and software that support a network's communication. They ensure reliable connectivity, troubleshoot issues, and implement upgrades across routers, switches and firewalls. To nail this career, your skillset will include routing, switching, network security, documentation, and proficiency with systems like Cisco.

Cybersecurity Specialists

Cybersecurity Specialists prevent, detect and respond to digital threats. They set up firewalls, monitor vulnerabilities, conduct risk assessments, and help organisations maintain compliance. It’s not necessarily like it is in the movies, but it is a growing and exciting career. This role demands knowledge of ethical hacking, threat detection tools, incident response and best practice protocols amongst other critical skills.

IT Project Managers

IT Project Managers oversee technology projects from start to finish, ensuring deadlines, budgets and goals are met. They liaise between teams, manage risks and keep stakeholders informed. You’ll need a blend of technical and soft skills to succeed as a project manager. Think: Agile or Scrum methodologies, stakeholder communication, time management and budgeting.

AI Engineers

AI and Machine Learning Engineers design intelligent models that allow systems to learn from data and improve performance. From recommendation engines to natural language processing, their work shapes the future of automation. Strong mathematical foundations, algorithm design, and experience with tools like TensorFlow or PyTorch are vital.

The IT sector values both deep expertise and broad problem-solving abilities. You may want to start in support or junior development roles, and progress into architecture, management or specialised consulting.

Educational pathways in information technology

IT professionals often come from diverse academic backgrounds, but formal education can provide a strong foundation and accelerate career growth.

Because the landscape evolves quickly, you’ll need to continuously be learning to succeed in this field. Staying current with emerging trends and tools opens doors to leadership and innovation roles.

Check out our Cybersecurity Job Kits for more information on IT careers.

IT undergraduate degrees and postgraduate courses

Future IT students can choose from a range of future focused Information Technology (IT) courses and degrees. Our Diploma, Bachelor, Graduate Certificate or Master of Information Technology will give you an entry point into the industry, or level up an existing career in the field.

Alternatively, there are courses with specialisations including the Bachelor of Software Engineering (Artificial Intelligence), Bachelor of Cybersecurity and Graduate Certificate of Analytics.

Certifications

Beyond degrees, industry-recognised certifications strengthen your credibility and can fast-track career advancement:

• Fortinet Certified Fundamentals: Strong for cybersecurity roles
• IBM: A variety of cerificationscertifications exist depending on your pathway
• CompTIA A+ / Network+ / Security+: Strong for foundational IT roles
• AWS Certified Solutions Architect: Valued for cloud architecture
• Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH): Key in cybersecurity
• Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA): Standard for network professionals
• Microsoft Certified: Azure Fundamentals: Popular in cloud-based roles

In a field where new programming languages, tools and threats emerge constantly, lifelong learning and upskilling is a must. Micro-credentials, short courses, online bootcamps, and postgraduate study all play a role in staying competitive.

With rapid change comes opportunity. And the journey starts by understanding the foundations, finding your area of interest and continually building your skills.