Bachelor of Health Science (Chinese Medicine)

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This subject introduces the fundamental philosophies and principles of Chinese Medicine (CM). It provides a solid and detailed account of the theory of Chinese medicine that can be used as a foundation for the further understanding of later subjects in the CM course. This introduction to Chinese Medicine explores the concept of yin and yang theory, wu xing theory, the functions of the organs and vital substances, as well as the causes, development and progression of diseases. The content also includes the principles of disease prevention and treatment.

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Chinese Medicine Diagnosis & Pattern differentiation, builds on the basic concepts and theories taught in Chinese Medicine Foundations. In this subject the four diagnostic methods and various pattern differentiation methods are introduced, including visual examination, audio-olfactory, inquiry, palpation, and pattern differentiation according to the eight principles, Qi, Blood and Body fluids. For each diagnostic method, the clinical information gathered is analyzed in order to diagnose disease according the patterns of disharmony and determine appropriate treatment strategies and prescriptions. Finally, an introduction to tongue and pulse examinations are developed in this subject. *This unit is currently only available in Melbourne

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Counselling & Communication Skills encompasses counselling skills commonly needed by health professionals for effective communication. This subject comprises a practical approach to a variety of communication skills and best practice strategies including promoting change, compliance, obstacles to change, transition and self-care. Sessions facilitate the development of effective listening and responding skills, increased personal awareness and insight in order to assist the building of a professional relationship for interactions with clients, colleagues and members of the community.

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This subject provides students an introduction to the diversity of health theories and initiatives to improve health outcomes. Students will engage with key concepts including human right to health, social determinants of health, equality, equity, and vulnerability. An introduction to Australia’s health system and intersectoral action will also be provided.

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Human Structure & Physiology 2 will further develop knowledge of the structure and physiology of the human body with special attention given to the integration of human systems and beginning to explore the impact of disturbances in Homeostasis and disruption of normal function. The structure and function of the lymphatic, immune, digestive, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive systems and the special senses are covered in detail including the homoeostatic control mechanisms of each system and the integration of the systems in the body. This subject builds on the knowledge and understandings of human structure and physiology, provides the foundation to look at disease, disorders and syndromes and their pathophysiology, in later subjects.

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Evidence-based practice is an essential component of the exercise of clinical judgement in the delivery of quality healthcare. Students will also gain an understanding of how research evidence is translated into practice. This subject provides students with an introduction to health informatics, research and digital literacy, critical thinking and evidence-based practice. Students are guided through the skills necessary to locate, critique and interpret a research article for application to their practice. They will become familiar with quantitative and qualitative evidence, research methodology, basic descriptive and inferential statistics and the foundational skills to be able to evaluate and appraise evidence in healthcare research.

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Human Structure & Physiology 1 introduces the basic concepts and terminologies required to study and understand the structure and function of the human body. This subject will build on the biological foundations by exploring the interaction and organisation of cells, tissues and organs which forms a basis to study the physiological integration of key body systems. The maintenance and regulation of the internal environment by homeostasis at a system level will be key to students understanding disruption and disease in later subjects. Key physiological and functional processes such as movement, metabolism, oxygenation and protection will be discussed, with body systems including the integumentary, musculoskeletal, respiratory and cardiovascular system the focus of this subject. This subject will provide the first part of an evidence based foundational knowledge of human physiology to guide health practice.

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Biological Foundations explores the biological building blocks which make up the human body from the chemical level up to the cellular level. These essential chemistry concepts will assist with building relevant links to the study of human physiology in later subjects. The subject then explores the foundational studies in biochemistry which includes the structure and function of carbohydrates, proteins, enzymes, lipids, DNA and RNA. The concepts of gene expression and regulation are discussed in addition to the cellular membrane structure and transport through the membrane. The study of the biology of the human cell concludes this subject and upon completion equips students to commence study at the tissue level of structure and physiology subjects.

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This subject builds on the content covered in Chanel theory & point location 1. It introduces the study of Chinese acupuncture and provides practical training in the techniques of acupuncture point location. The subject aims to provide fundamental anatomical knowledge required, to accurately locate acupuncture points on a range of body shapes and sizes and is delivered as both theory and practice, based learning. The scope of this subject covers the theory of the 14 primary acupuncture channel trajectories, functions and pathologies. Theory of the secondary, or collateral vessels trajectories, functions & pathologies, acupuncture point locations, dynamics & functions. In practice, students will learn to palpate the superficial anatomy of bones, muscles, joints and major neurovascular acupuncture and use the Chinese acupuncture system of, proportional body measurement to discover the locations of acupuncture points. Safe practice is emphasised throughout the subject. Students learn the practical strategies to enable effective point location while preserving personal & cultural sensitivities. The knowledge and practical skills obtained through successful completion of this subject provide the foundation of further acupuncture study.

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This subject introduces the study of Chinese acupuncture and provides practical training in the techniques of acupuncture point location. The subject aims to provide fundamental anatomical knowledge required, to accurately locate acupuncture points on a range of body shapes and sizes and is delivered as both theory and practice, based learning. The scope of this subject covers the theory of the 14 primary acupuncture channel trajectories, functions and pathologies. Theory of the secondary, or collateral vessels trajectories, functions & pathologies, acupuncture point Locations, dynamics & functions. In practice, students will learn to palpate the superficial anatomy of bones, muscles, joints and major neurovascular acupuncture and use the Chinese acupuncture system of, proportional body measurement to discover the locations of acupuncture points. Safe practice is emphasised throughout the subject. Students learn the practical strategies to enable effective point location while preserving personal & cultural sensitivities. The knowledge and practical skills obtained through successful completion of this subject provide the foundation of further acupuncture study.

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This subject introduces the study of traditional Chinese Herbal Materia Medica. The subject examines the therapeutic application of 206 Chinese medicinal substances. Note; of the 206 herbs, 145 will be studied in detail in class while the other 61 are less commonly used and therefore require self-directed learning. It is essential that students have a working knowledge of these herbs. The scope of the study includes their fundamental tastes, thermal properties, functions, key indications, channel affiliations, normal dosage range, and combination with other herbs, cautions, contraindications, preparation and administration. For some toxic herbs, their toxicity and poisoning prevention will be examined. Chinese medicinal substances affected by the Victorian Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act will be identified.

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This subject is primarily practical in nature and introduces students to supervised needling practice on selected acupuncture points covering all anatomical segments of the body. The logic of acupuncture point selection and prescriptions, methods of needling and further acupuncture point physiology will be covered. Particular emphasis is placed on safety, hygiene and infection control with students working in pairs so that each student becomes aware of the acupuncture experience from both the practitioner and the client’s perspective. Tongue and pulse diagnosis are also reviewed, practised and extended within this subject.

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This subject provides instruction in the practical application of ancillary techniques to do with the clinical practice of acupuncture. The techniques introduced include Moxibustion (heat), Gua Sha (spooning), Cupping, Lancing, Dermal Hammer and Micro acupuncture. Tongue and pulse diagnosis are reviewed, practised and extended from previous foundation subjects, and students administer the above techniques in a simulated clinical setting under supervision. Infection control, sterilization, hygiene and safety are reinforced throughout this subject.

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This subject is a continuation of Acupuncture Therapeutics & Techniques 1 (CHM210A). This subject is primarily practical in nature and introduces students to supervised needling practice on selected acupuncture points covering the three foot yang channels, Ren and Du channels, as well as principle non channel points. The logic of acupuncture point selection and combinations, methods of needling and further acupuncture point physiology will be covered in detail. Particular emphasis is placed on safety, hygiene and infection control with students working in pairs so that each student becomes aware of the acupuncture experience from both the practitioner and the client’s perspective. Tongue and pulse diagnosis are also reviewed, practised and extended within this subject.

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Human Systems & Pathophysiology 2 builds upon the concepts explored in Human Systems & Pathophysiology 1 and continues to expand student’s skills and knowledge in pathophysiology and the human disease process, in relation to individual, community and public health. The pathophysiology and symptomatology will be covered for various disease states of the musculoskeletal, integumentary, hematologic, pulmonary, endocrine, renal and reproductive systems. Conditions specific to gerontology and aging will also be considered. - General diagnostic approaches will be introduced and the commonly used laboratory tests and interpretation of such findings for the associated disorders and conditions will continue to be developed.

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Human Systems & Pathophysiology 1 is the first of two subjects that builds upon the foundational studies in Human Structure & Physiology and then expands student’s skills and knowledge into the area of pathophysiology and human disease process. Understanding the pathogenic process and the disruption of homeostasis in relation to disease will be important concepts, in the context of individual, community and population health. This subject will cover: - Basic pathological processes in response to injury and growth abnormalities. - Immunology, toxicology, microbiology, and their characteristic diseases. - Pathophysiology, symptomatology and clinical manifestations for diseases of the gastrointestinal, neurological and cardiovascular systems. - Introduction to commonly used laboratory tests and interpretation of findings.

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This subject introduces the study of Chinese Medicine Internal Medicine (nei ke). The subject is comprised of two parts. The first part introduces a number of main diseases of the eyes, ears, nose, pharynx, larynx, mouth and teeth, respiratory, vascular and digestive systems. The second part (CM Internal Medicine 2) introduces some specific blood diseases, disorders of the endocrine system, connective tissue disorders, urinary system disorders and male reproductive disorders. The approach will incorporate an analysis of the above pathologies according to the Chinese Medicine paradigm of differentiation of syndromes (bian zheng) and also incorporate a Western medical classification of disease. For each of these conditions, the aetiology, pathology and formulation of Chinese herbal prescriptions and acupuncture and moxibustion treatments that address the specific requirements of the symptom patterns (zheng) are studied. Lifestyle and safety issues are also addressed.

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This subject continues the study of traditional Chinese materia medica introduced in CM Pharmacology 1 (CHM202A) and examines the therapeutic effects of the remaining medicinals. The depth of study may vary depending on the importance of the substance and its frequency of use. Note: of the 207 herbs, 157 will be studied in detail in class while the other 50 are less commonly used and require self-directed learning. The scope of the study includes their fundamental tastes, thermal properties, functions, key indications, channel affiliations, normal dosage range, and combinations with other herbs, cautions, contraindications, preparation and administration. For some toxic herbs, their toxicity and prevention of poisoning will be examined. Chinese medicinal substances affected by the Victorian Drugs, Poisons and Controlled Substances Act will be identified.

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This subject expands and builds on the herbal disciplinary knowledge presented in Pharmacology 1 (CHM202A) and 2 (CHM204A). This subject aims to introduce theory of developing formulae and examines in detail the composition, actions and main therapeutic applications of approximately 120 major formulae. The depth of study may vary depending on the importance of the formulae and their frequency of use. Emphasis is upon the methods of preparation, administration of the herbs, principals of composition, typical modifications, actions, main therapeutic applications and any cautions or contraindications of traditional Chinese herbal formulae. Also included is an in depth study of the comparisons and contrasts relating to formulae within a similar therapeutic category and the function of herbs both singularly and as a synergistic component within the formula.

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This subject is a combination of theory and practical which covers the study of selected traumatology cases, particularly musculoskeletal conditions. The focus is on the differential diagnosis and treatment of regional disorders both from a holistic CM paradigm and a modern bio-mechanical perspective. For each condition a complete acupuncture treatment along with common herbal formulae and lifestyle advice are analysed and studied. Basic physical assessment and selected major orthopaedic tests for each region are also introduced.

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This subject continues the study of CM Internal Medicine (nei ke). This second part of this subject covers some specific blood diseases, disorders of the endocrine system, connective tissue disorders, urinary system disorders and male reproductive disorders. The approach will incorporate an analysis of the above pathologies according to the CM paradigm of differentiation of syndromes (bian zheng) and also incorporate a Western medical classification of disease. For each of these conditions, the aetiology, pathology and formulation of Chinese herbal prescriptions and acupuncture and moxibustion treatments that address the specific requirements of the symptom patterns (zheng) are studied. Lifestyle and safety issues are also addressed.

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This subject introduces advanced acupuncture needling techniques. Acupuncture skills learned in previous subjects are synthesised, and focus is placed upon the safe and effective needling of high risk acupuncture points. Students are required to develop a greater knowledge of, and increased proficiency in, different needling techniques and styles. Advanced electro-acupuncture methods are taught, with an emphasis on the use of electro-acupuncture in acupuncture analgesia. Laser acupuncture theory and practice is also introduced.

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Integrated Pharmacology comprises a study of basic principles of pharmacology, the pharmacokinetics of drugs commonly used in medical practice and common interactions between drugs and natural remedies. Drugs for pain, inflammation, infection, mental health, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive and endocrine systems are discussed. Drug actions, uses, contraindications, adverse effects and interactions with natural remedies are discussed, together with implications for naturopathic, nutritional and western herbal medicine prescribing. This subject is crucial for the modern healthcare practitioner to understand common medications that patients may be taking and common interactions between these medications and natural remedies. This subject also emphasises the need for clear lines of communication and common language between doctors and complementary healthcare practitioners in order to obtain the best health outcomes for clients.

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Clinical Assessment builds on the theory of the Human Systems & Pathophysiology subjects and develops practical skills for clinical assessment and examination of the client. Skills for history taking, gathering clinical information, observing clinical manifestations, critically analyse signs and symptoms, identifying red flags, interpreting medical reports, pathology tests and diagnostic imaging are developed. Students will explore a range physical examination techniques using appropriate equipment to reach primary and differential diagnoses. Students will develop and practice skills in effective communication, respecting clients’ privacy, work health and safety concerns as well as the need for referral to other health care practitioners in a professional manner.

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This subject is designed to facilitate the exploration of the origin, historical development and clinical significance of the Shan Han Lun theory including the diagnosis of febrile diseases, the progression of disease via the six divisions and the associated symptomatology, pathogenesis, treatment principles and strategies. Particular emphasis in this subject is directed towards the relationship between the six channels and eight guiding principles and zang fu in order to understand and analyse the clinical application of the representative formulae and associated modifications according to syndrome differentiation.

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Entrepreneurship, Professionalism & Business Skills in Health will introduce students to the concepts of small business management, entrepreneurship and how to identify the professional requirements of their healthcare discipline. This subject will explore the topics necessary to establish and run a successful healthcare practice and maintain their professional status in the healthcare sector. Students will also explore their professional identity to support the understanding of the ethical conduct, liability, legal and regulatory requirements that are pertinent to their specific modality. This subject will initiate the development of a Business plan using entrepreneurial practices and innovative design thinking. This will include exploring business strategies such as operating policy and procedures, marketing and branding, networking strategies, leadership, administration and financial issues necessary for the operation and management of a contemporary healthcare practice.

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This subject covers the study of CM gynaecology and obstetrics. It examines the features of anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. This includes the processes of menstruation, pregnancy and birth, as well as gynaecological and obstetric disorders. The aetiology, pathogenesis, differentiation of syndromes, approaches to treatment for each of the main diseases studied will be analysed. For each disease Chinese herbal formulae and/or acupuncture, with suitable modifications for individual cases, along with lifestyle advice will be examined. A short section on male infertility will be included.

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This subject is both a theoretical and practical based subject with a major emphasis on the safe and accurate dispensing and processing of Chinese medicinal substances. This subject provides practical training in the fundamental skills required to safely and accurately dispense and prepare a Chinese herbal prescription according to the main methods of herbal processing (pao zhi). Students will gain additional experience in the dispensing component of this subject via internal and external work integrated learning. It is expected that this placement will be undertaken within the student clinic and at external clinics. The herbal processing component of this subject covers the objectives of herbal processing is to ensure the correct methods of preparation, alongside an understanding of the legal and ethical issues associated with dispensing herbs, with special attention to S1 herbs.

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This subject will expand on some of the basic metaphysical principles covered in earlier subjects as well as specific shen (spirit) related disorders according to Chinese medicine theory and practice. The basic Chinese medicine premise of mind and body interdependence will be expanded as it relates to spiritual resources, emotions, personality and behaviour. The framework of this discussion will be focussed on Chinese medicine five element theories as well as zang-fu, qi and blood physiology, and jing luo (meridians). This subject then expands on these preliminary concepts through a selection of mental illnesses as diagnosed by the contemporary western approach, applying Chinese medicine symptomatology, aetiology and pathogenesis. Differentiation of syndromes (bian zheng) is applied to formulate a Chinese medicine diagnosis and treatment plan, using both acupuncture and Chinese herbs.

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The subject aims to introduce learners to the study of Chinese medicine dermatology. It covers the general features of physiology, pathology and diagnosis as applied to dermatology, as well as the diagnosis and treatment of the common dermatological diseases. For each of the diseases, learners learn to formulate the prescriptions of internal and external used Chinese herbal formulae and/or select points for acupuncture and/or moxibustion. In addition, students learn to advise clients with regard to lifestyle and prevention issues. All disorders studied in this subject are introduced as pathologies from the contemporary Western diagnostic paradigm and then transposed into the Chinese medicine paradigm of differentiation of syndromes (bian zheng) for further discussion.

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This subject is conducted concurrently with CM Clinical Practicum 6 (CHM410A) and includes information and skills important to clinic operation and the role of student practitioners in the Student Clinic. Critical analysis and review of case studies from the student clinic are reviewed each week by way of student presentations incorporating relevant journal articles from both the Chinese medicine (CM) and contemporary western scientific (WSM) medical literature. A major focus of these clinical forums incorporates an integrated (CM/WSM) approach to the understanding and practice of clinical practice. These sessions are conducted to enable issues of particular importance to students to be addressed and to facilitate their personal development. This development plays an integral part in the transition from student to practitioner as the participants learn to integrate theoretical knowledge with practical clinical experience. The supervisor moderates an exchange of ideas, experiences and concerns, which are facilitated through group presentations, open discussion, peer review and group support.

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Critical Literature Review (CLR308) provides an opportunity to critically examine the current literature to answer a chosen research question to inform clinical decision-making. The literature review is a scholarly paper that appraises the current knowledge base highlighting strengths, weaknesses and omissions in the literature. The subject builds on established knowledge of literature search methods and critical appraisal skills to culminate in a review that conforms to publication standards.